Visual Art/ Chapter III Essays - Visual Arts, Arts, Culture

Visual Art/ Chapter III 309 Words Art is the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination, typically in a visual form such as painting or sculpture, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power. There so many arts out there that does exactly that. I find Picasso to be one the artist that can translate life event through painting. The Guernica for example is a painting by Picasso that represent the war of Guernica. Guernica is a town in the province of Biscay in Basque Country. During the Spanish Civil War, it was regarded as the northern bastion of the Republican resistance movement and the epicenter of Basque culture, adding to its significance as a target. After the bombing, Picasso was made aware of what had gone on in his country of origin. At the time, he was working on a mural for the Paris Exhibition to be held in the summer of 1937, commissioned by the Spanish Republican government. He deserted his original idea and on 1 May 1937, began on Guernica Guernica is one of the most well-known painting in the world. It was painted by Pablo Picasso in 1937, the painting itself measures 11ft by 26.5 ft. Guernica represents the bombing of the Spanish civil war. The painting is also color less, he only uses black, white and gray. Picasso used several principle and element of art while painting Guernica. Most of the painting's emotional power comes from its overwhelming size. I find the painting to be interesting because it is a very influential painting. Guernica may not be Picasso's most famous work, but it is certainly his most powerful political statement. Picasso expressed his outraged against war with Guernica. It has since become the twentieth century's most powerful indictment against war, a painting that still feels intensely relevant today.

Free sample - A Strategic Plan for Launching BMW 3 Series in USA and UK. translation missing

A Strategic Plan for Launching BMW 3 Series in USA and UK. A Strategic Plan for Launching BMW 3 Series in USA and UKIntroduction The term international business management strategy has its own significance in the techno-savvy world of today. It is the process of establishing the empire of business by a series of strategies viz. executing the business concept, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and events to create and maintain relationships that will satisfy individual and organizational objectives. We can analyse the situation by strategically approach to the launch of BMW 3 series vehicles. We know Product Diversification and Customer Care are strategic tools employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time to cut down costs while satisfying service-level requirements .In the past, Product Diversification and Customer Care gained momentum and received due attention from practitioners and researchers. It has become present day managerial competitive weapon for improving performance in the field.   Background International strategic management also results in more exports to and imports from other countries, often called offshore sales and imports. Offshore sales and purchases by U.S. manu ­facturers have increased to 14 percent of total sales and 10 percent of total pur ­chases. The volume of corporate voice, data, and teleconferencing traffic between countries is growing at an annual rate of 15 to 20 percent- about double the corpo ­rate domestic rate- indicating how businesses are increasingly bridging national boundaries. International strategic management is also widespread area today. Banking, law, information services, airlines, education, consulting, and restaurant services-are particularly active globally. Here we can see the automobile giant is going to launch their latest 3 series vehicles in USA and in UK. Born in Germany, BMW was always a passion to the automobile lovers from the beginning itself. Today, we can see the automobile fan is still deployed behind the brand name simply because of its elegant style, beauty and power. Philip Sadler –(2003) Aim of the study BMW is the automobile giant having its presence in every part of the world. The product diversification always enables the company the market leader of the sector without any challenges. Here BMW wants to put their business mark in USA and UK by its latest version BMW 3 series as a part of diversification in the business. The plan BMW intends to ensure its monopoly across the whole world by their corporate strategic management. So as a first and prime step they want to organise a good campaign to make the event more noticeable there in the new country. They wish to make it reorganised their marketing presence within a short time period. BMW Based in Germany, the BMW (Bayerische Motoren Werke, AG) chain stretches across the globe. Automobile and engine manufacturing company started their chase in 1916. With profit margins so small, they were continually looking for ways to reduce costs and utilize facilities efficiently in the initial period.. Now the automobile giant has its own mark in the global automobile scenario.    Country  Make  Cars (2006)  Cars (2008)  Models  Germany  BMW  905,057  901,898  Others  United Kingdom  Mini  187,454  235,019  All Minis  Ã‚   Rolls-Royce  67  1,417  All Rolls-Royce  Austria  BMW  114,306  82,863  BMW X3  USA  BMW  105,172  170,741  BMW X5, X6  South Africa  BMW  54,782  47,980  BMW   Total  Ã‚   1,366,838  1,439,918  Ã‚   Presence in the UK Unlike all other countries, UK has become the most number of users of the brand. The figure 187,454 stretches out a great deal from all others. It is in fact shows the appreciation and recognition of the brand among the public. But by using the innovative models the company is very effectively sustain the leadership in the sector. BMW in the USA Even if the figures are the average, the brand has ts own influence in USA market. The figure 105172 shows its presence is one among the first five in the automobile industry. In fact BMW is accelerating to come to the driver’s seat within a short span of time. A clear but brief background of the two markets, with a justification of their selection BMW, however, recently decided to focus its competitive positioning on enhancing the consumer's feel satisfaction experience by its latest 3 series.   Their target market is the upscale families and business men, who have the following shopping priorities: 1.  Ã‚   Luxurious. The facility is in fact a mark of self esteem and proud, with these items well displayed and good access. 2.   Availability. The selection of items is broad, and the customer has several choices for any one item. 3.  Ã‚   Timely Service. The show room is open at convenient times, and customers do not have to wait in long checkout lines. The Need for Strategic Planning Strategies of one’s own will not make any firm fast growth oriented. Organisation structure and systems also play significant roles in turning a strategy successful Philip Sadler –(2003) . In fact, that is the pivotal part of marketing aspect. For instance, in a rigid, bureaucratic organisation where everything is done based on written orders, strategies sensitive to time will not work. Control systems should also be tuned to implement the strategy. For instance, the success and growth of a restaurant operating in a highly competitive environment depends on the quality of items, lead time and attitude and behaviour towards customers, often more than on price. In such places, ordering and delivering systems have to be closely monitored to ensure competitiveness and resultant growth opportunities, and to have a sustainable growth. Connor, Dick Davidson, Jeffrey(1990). How does BMW influence the potential customers in the market?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As in management, these strategies are formulated and implemented by BMW, which want to grow in the entirely different market. Such firms have to maintain sustainable competitive advantage by delivering superior value to the customer. But as a genuine consultant do have my own suggestions. Although it is difficult for any firm to be an ideal growth business, it is worth attempting to reach that ideal. Some of the important characteristics of an ideal growth business are given below. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A near monopoly that can dominate a market because of patents 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A business where the rate of growth in profits is far higher than the rate of growth in sales 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And the business which can grow independently in the economic cycle 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A business that has a constantly high rate of inquiries and new repeatedorders 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A business that is dependent on management talent. Peter Block says money value has to be there when a consultant deal with such a problem. Positioning map    As BMW has its own mark in both UK and in the USA, company need not struggle to formulate innovative strategies, but they have to convince the customers their unique perceived quality and price positioning. As BMW is high end quality oriented product, there are privileged retailers and customers to take it this new 3 series as their own product. Unlike the main streamers, the product 3 series top level quality product has its unique comfort, luxury which provides the customers a kind of self esteem. The international business strategies for the two countries- the USA and the UK The major challenge before the firm is to align the store with the new competitive priorities established for the chain. An area he has identified as a particular concern is the scheduling of consumers. Maintaining a high level of performance requires more stocking personnel to keep the stock orderly on the shelves and the aisles clear and swept. To make a profit in a low-margin business environment, he has to control costs so that prices remain competitive. The trick is to develop a work schedule for the per ­sonnel that satisfies competitive requirements, conforms to a reasonable set of work policies, and utilizes the person-net efficiently to minimize labour costs. Charles W. L. Hill   ,( 2010). Unlike all other countries, UK has become the most number of users of the brand. The figure 187,454 stretches out a great deal from all others. It is in fact shows the appreciation and recognition of the brand among the public. As far as the USA is concerned, even if the figures of the existing BMW users are the average, the brand has its own influence in market. The figure 105172 shows its presence is one among the first five in the automobile industry. In fact BMW is accelerating to come to the driver’s seat within a short span of time. By using the innovative models the company is very effectively sustain the leadership in the sector and moreover the new product does not have any major challenge from any other opponents or other similar factors as the strategy can cover them with the present market identity in both these countries.    SWOPT ANALYSIS In BMW, we have seen, and as we would like to see it in its operations more conspicuously over the time. It seems that it has not achieved a great deal. Starting with an excellent strategy, its turnover is a performance tool par excellence. However, it appears that much more can be achieved with the kind of resources which BMW has. The following factors are evident when we analyse the firm with a SWOPT analysis.(Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Problems and Threats) analysis and as comments are as under: Strengths An excellent team of professionals The very name BMW signifies the impersonality attached to any single individual's name or family. Scope, thus, exists to work for the company rather than to glorify the name of a family.  Ã‚   A manufacturing base in terms of office space, equipment and machinery. A well nourished existing customer base of the company. Good contacts with business world. Self generated export business and hence firsthand knowledge of the buyers and the markets. A very close and harmonious social relationship among partners is seen. It is an indicative of a similar social status of all the partners. Presence of both domestic and export markets in  Ã‚   BMW Market mix enables knowledge of both the markets, but it can be turn to a plus by looking back on the commitment they have shown in the past.   Product associated has a tremendous growth potential, both in international and domestic markets. Weakness   Size: BMW has to grow big and utilise fully the entrepreneurial talents available to it. The present size is not optimum and this is leading to under-utilisation of the time of the directors. The whole Woking of it has to be reorganized to utilise the 'human resources’ available to it. Product Portfolio: Though so far has been able to generate sales from onlytwo lines, but the lines have very narrow product-market scope and could prove vulnerable in the long term. A balanced portfolio could be one which would enable BMW to generate sufficient funds to achieve its growth and the present objectives.   Lack of 'systems' appears to be another weakness of BMW. Today, whatever information (mainly financial) is generated appears to be an end in itself. LIMITATIONS: The product launch relies only on a target group and hence the area where the company is not concentrate or to the remote area will be out of focus as a result of boost in the strategy management can happen. There should be a market research well before the launch which can emphasise the region where the strategies are concentrated more and that could be conducted in various levels or areas. And also it would have been better for the study if it could be conducted in a wide level. Conclusion We can understand the systematic approach of the company will make a mark in the market from the very beginning itself. We know Product Diversification and Customer Care are strategic tools employed by present day business to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and customers so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time to cut down costs while satisfying service-level requirements .The company BMW can execute the strategies well, and they will become a top notch firm within a short span of time there in both locations.

Erik Peterson integrative case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Erik Peterson integrative analysis - Case Study Example This lead to conflicts especially because some team members did not like seeing others progress. A case in point was between Wescott and Burns. They always had issues within themselves since Wescott never appreciated Burns ideas and suggestions. Green did not see Peterson as capable of meeting the demands of the task, Cantor considered Peterson as misinformed. These two attitudes from Green and Carton made Peterson avoid interfering with their work on KOL though KOL meant a lot to his marketing mandate. Working with an inexperienced team Andrew lack of flexibility and resourcefulness was a major drawback for Peterson especially now that he needed an individual he could rely on in the operations docket. This made Peterson to be derailed in delivering Biometra device within the given timeline. Lack of procedures and policies There were no clear structures on salary increment and promotion in SciMat. Having been given a general management position without experience in management caused him resentment from his managers like Andrew and Miczek who had more experience than he did. Lack of policies and procedures on salary increment also lead to Miczeks and Wescott salary problems. This set Peterson at an uncomfortable situation as he tried to work on standardizing the salaries. External problems Operating problems The relationship between Biometra and key opinion leaders was dependent on potential early adopters. This was a high-risk that was later felt when management turnover created uneasiness among the targeted KOL who feared being associated with any potential issues that could ruin their reputation. The Vice president’s derailed operation was also a problem to Peterson since it risked him loosing the KOLs he... The paper describes how effective has Peterson been in taking charge of the Hanover startup in terms of managing the new operation amd of providing leadership. It also shows what actions should Peterson take to turn the situation around and prepare for his meeting with Chip Knight. Human resources management is mandated with the task of hiring, firing, promoting, and creating salary structures. However, in SciMat it seems like any manger can perform the four mentioned HR duties as they so wish. This was the main cause of salary and promotion issues that Peterson faced as a General Manger. There was no clear policy and procedure to be taken when promoting an employee and increasing an employee’s salary. The same cause lead to a people owning positions they did not have deserve in terms of their qualifications. This caused some subordinates to work under people who could not give them proper guidance on what was expected of them.

Project planning with IT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project planning with IT - Assignment Example The ‘what ‘relates to the activities to be carried out in the project while the ‘how’ relates to how these activities are to be done to achieve the intended objectives of the project. In project planning, execution and management, there are factors such as how the team members communicate, how they functions how problems are anticipated and solved among many other factors that are essential in ensuring that a project succeeds. This proposal outlines the scope that would be followed in planning and executing a project that involves planning a website about doing a rock concert. The purpose of the proposed website will be to offer a platform where rock bands, their fans and concert organizers will interact. The website will offer valuable information that are required for any concert organizers, offer valuable informant concerning a particular band to the rock fans ion creating awareness about the band and facilitate an e-ticketing payment mode. No entrance ticketing in these concerts will be accepted once the website is operational and any ticketing will be made though the website. The website will be complete and ready for use by 30th April 2012, one month before the concert starts. The success of the project will be measured on whether participants in these rock concerts will have improved as compared to the number of participants before the web was designed. The stakeholders to be involved in this project will include the web hosting company, the several venues that rock concerts are usually held, which will offer information that relate to organizing such concerns. Lewis (2010, 10) argues that the organization and the project teams have to be considered as people, and they have to integrate to produce the required results. The stakeholders will also involve the theatres and managers that are involved in organizing these concerts and

Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty - Essay Example have different business objectives thus their practices about the external environment is greatly variable, all aimed at ensuring they stay in line with the demands of the targets and principles for which the store stands. For instance, Harrods demonstrates a higher level of aggressiveness with the incorporation of modern technological innovations, whereas Liberty is apparently more interested in conservation of its reputation and image, as opposed to multi-engagements in macro-economic influencing factors. On the other hand, Harrods appears to have its focus on a wider range of audience as evident through its marketing techniques, which are largely technology-based. This undoubtedly enables the store to pass a busy and energetic feel of communication about itself. On its part, Liberty tends to position its practices on specific and strictly premium high-end market, giving the store a more relaxed ambience. The external and internal analysis of the two stores based on their strategies of retailing suggests that the two organizations have not yet been able to fully exploit the business opportunities at their exposure. Of significant importance is the need for the two stores to adopt diversity in the products and services provided, and the manner in which this is done, in order to widen their customer base as well as helping them overcome some of the external and internal environmental barriers to business. Over the past decades, there has been a significant transformation in the retail industry, which has equally posed more challenging moments for the retailers. Despite this, the global landscape of retailing, which is on constant change, has experienced massive improvement, even in the time of high competition from within the UK markets and that on the global scene (Thirumalai and Sinha, 2009). Evidence suggests that the move by the retailers to harness the multi-channel practices and the growing advances in technology have been key in increasing the stability

The Advantages Of Personal Management Skills

The Advantages Of Personal Management Skills It is extremely important to manage ourselves in order to be a better person and achieve our goals in life. Nobody is always perfect, every one has some strengths and some weakness, but we all should look for opportunities to convert our weakness into strength. This portfolio contains every thing about me, starting from scratch till the present and also about the future. While doing this portfolio I came across many new skills about myself, I went through many management test, EQ test, verbal as well as numerical test etc. REFLECTION Reflection exercise attached in appendix- page 1 [Refer to appendix- page 1] PERSONEL ASPIRATION REVIEW BACKGROUND My name is Karan Seth, 20 years of age. I am hardworking and sincer. My school principal, where I studied for 9 years also believes that. [Refer to appendix- page 2] and believe in myself. I have never travelled anywhere without my parents untill one day my father deicided that I will be studying in London after my ‘o levels in India. WHY DID YOU CHOOSE TO STUDY FOR A DEGREE I have been studying in Delhi Public School and had english as the medium of education since my childhood. In India the education system a bit different from here in UK. The student have to decide if they wish to go for the science or the commerece stream in their 11th standards and only those students who get more than a 70% overall along with good marks in science in class 10th are allowed to opt for sicence in 11th. I was hard worker and wanted to become a engineer in future. I got 70% aggreate marks and I got 75 in science in paricular [Refer to appendix page 3], which helped in to opt for science in class 11th. Science was not as pretty as it looked. I did not realize that my apptitude was not the theories and models, instead my interest was in knowing the concepts and appling in real life. When I did not perform well, the principle gave me an option of choosing commerece, if I promised to work really hard and live up to the expectations as I will be doing two years of education in one year. I put in all my efforts worked day and night. Finally at the end the result said it all. I got [70%] almost same marks as the students studying the same course for two years in class 12th. [Refer to appendix- page 4] And 75 in business studies in particular and 64 in Economics. Therefore, getting into a Bachelors of business administration degree was because my own interst. My father being my inspiration, I decided to do something which the world should be proud of. This degree will provide me with all the skills and knowledge I need in order to become a Marketing/Finance manager. The degree is fast tracked, economical and well managed. HOW DOES THIS FIT IN YOUR LIFE CAREER PLANS The bachelors in business administration is basically the first step in the ladder to my goal in life. In order to become a manager in Finance/Marketing I had to go through this degree programm. REVIEWING OPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE For the future the next step in the ladder is doing Masters in business administration from London Business School. Persuing masters in LBS is a big deal as it requires a capital of  £42,000 [Refere appendix- page 5]and 2-3 years of working experience to get into a good university. PLANNING AHEAD In future I want to go for either Masters in business administration or do Msc in Finance. But before doing any of these courses I have to have a two years of job experince after my bachelors. So, I will apply for graduates jobs in London after my degree and gain the experience in my relevant field. SWOT ANALYSIS ON MYSELF STRENGTH: Can do attitude outgoing Determination Common sense WEAKNESS: Teamwork Presentations OPPORTUNITY: I can change my weakness to my strength by this degree. ‘Practice makes a man perfect- I will make sure that I work in teams and perform group presentations in class. THREATS: Not scoring a good mark/degree in the present course Competition in the market [future industry] Political issue regarding visa Finance PERSONEL SKILLS REVIEW â€Å"To be skilled is to be able to perform a learned activity well and at will† (Cotrell S. 2003) RITE MORE MANAGEMENT MODEL According to the management gurus including Henny Fayol , Peter Drucker, Fredrik Taylor, Marry P. Follet, Charles Hndy etc. have a certain things in common that is skills required at workplace. The key skills required at a modern workplace are: Planning, time management skills, communication skills, decision making skills, IT skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ MANAGEMENT SKILLS BY FAYOL WHAT MANAGEMENT SKILLS DO U HAVE In order to find out more about my management skills, I went through various managerial test in order to find out my skills. Leadership skills- The test gave out 18 attributes of leadership, which were organised into four main dimensions- Creating the future, Ideas into action, Enthusing , growing and appreciating others and clarifying values. Out of 18 my top six attributes were: Visonary, Opportunity awareness, single-mindedness, proactive, enabler and leacy builder. Out of 18, the four lowest scoring attributes were: consistent, enthuser, values champion and team builder. [Refer to appendix- page 6] I had a module of leadership and group working in college in which I secured 72% marks. The study in the module included various management and leadership rolesin the modern workplace. The assesment was on the topic that does a manager requires leadership skills. [Refer to appendix- page 7] Learning skills- I performed two learning activities, one from the Kolb learning cycle and other one from Bells learning model. Kolbs learning cycle has Activist, Reflector, Theorist and pragmatist. After performing the activity, I came to know that I am a activist. [Refer to appendix- page 8] IT skills- I had a module named IT skills in the college and I secured the highest marks in the class. It skills module included †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. IT is important in all fields. People can not even think of spending one day without IT and its applications. For a student, a laptop is his best friend as it allows him to be in touch with the world. Therefore, in order to do MBA, I have to give various online test and in my workplace as well dealing with information technology is unavoidale . [Refer to appendix- page 9] Identification and execution In order to identify the problem, one has to be very critical in his approach and analyse the data and present it in various graphs forms to have a better idea. I had a test of Data collection and interpretation in my degree in which I secured 79% which is extremely good as it will help me in case of analysing the companies financial conditions. [Refer to appendix- page 10] PERSONAL PERCEPTION AND VALUES I have a high values and morales. I believe that every one should strive and work to be the best but sometimes I do feel that competition should not be there in the society as it tends to become a burden for student who has pressure form his family and friends to do his best and beat the others, people forget that only one person can be the winner and everybody does not have the same way of thinking and cannot be best at everything as some might be good in reading, some might be good in writing. I often think about myself and future, my current skills and the ones which I need to develop. I did a few self-evaluation activities which gave me a better picture of myself, answering my current skills and qualities [Refer to appendix- page 11]. My other developed skills required in the future are: Planning- planning is deciding in advance what to do how to do and for whom is to do. It bridges the gap between where we are and we wish to be. It is required at all levels of management; it is an on going process through out our lives, which is very important from the point of view of achieving the desired goals. I makes plans even for small things like spending the vacations with friends, planning makes me feel comfortable and relaxed. During college days I use to submit all my assignments on time. This will really help me in the workplace. [Refer appendix- Page 12] Decision making- it is the process leading to the selection of a course of action among alternatives. Every decision making produces a final choice. It can be an action or an opinion. It begins when we need to do something but we do not know what therefore, decision making is a reasoning process which can be rational or irrational. Writing skills- In context to communication skill, the other developed skill which I have is writing skills, I can really express my self better in the written part of speech, I have taken part in various essay writing competitions and won the first and sometimes second prize as well. I can pen down my emotions and feeling on the paper very easily, basically while writing I can really go into the depth of the topic. Team worker- He is the person who is most aware of the needs of the team, the concern and the needs of the members. I do not feel comfortable working in groups as I feel every person has a different approach towards life and have a different set of ideas, so I do not think they are able to solve a particular problem or can reach to a final conclusion for a problem. Thus I need to develop my negative skill to positive and hence I need to develop this skill of mine. Some of my developed skills are from my school days where I used to have my daily time table table for my day to day activity, this in return helped me to become punctual and I understud the importance of time and I understood that once time passes it never comes back, therefore every second of our life is very precious. Where as regarding my decision making skill, I developed at my work place, when ever I have been given more work to do at one time, the I have to set my own priorities of work, which means I had to take decisions on my own as to which work should I do first keeping in mind their importance and dead line. As far as writing skills are concerned I can really express my self better in the written part of speech, I have taken part in various essay writing competitions and won prizes. I can pen down my emotions and feeling on the paper very easily and I can write along with thinking about it. CARRER PLANNING Vocational qualifications In future, I need some more knowledge and education in order to apply for Masters in Finance, I need to do a course apart from my Business degree, some courses like ACCA and in case of Marketing I might have to do CIM- Charted institute of Marketing. Both are flexible courses and are well recognised in their own fields all over the world. CIM- It is Europes leading provider of marketing ans sales courses. The aim of CIM is to develop individuals marketing and sales skills through distance learning courses. It is the worlds largest marketing body working with the marketing profession, government and industry to develop International business. ACCA- It is a world class body of knowledge, in every 8 minutes someone registers as an ACCA student in the world. ACCA has been established for more than 100 years now and gain a standard reputation in the field of professional education. Fee structure of CIM as per course COURSES INTERNATINAL APPICATION UK APPLICANTION Intro Certificate in Marketing  £85  £120 Prof Certificate in Marketing  £85 120 Prof Diploma in Marketing  £125  £160 Prof Postgradz Diploma  £165  £200 In ACCA, the course length depends upon the candidate and the fee depends on the length of the course and the exams taken. THE WORLD OF WORK JOB MARKET ANALYSIS In future I would either gofor RETAIL INDUSTRY. Marketing or finance. Since, I have been working as a sales advisor in Marks Spenser from more than two year and people know me as well. The management is happy with my performance as I has a pay raise. Sometimes when there is no supervisor, I also perform the role of a supervisor in their absence. In my near future I would like to get into Retail industry with either finance or Marketing sector. [Refer appendix: pagge 13] Paradigm Shift for Retail Focus Over the last decade or so, retailers world over have focused their resources to create efficiencies in their sourcing, supply chains and store operations with the purpose of reducing the operating costs and maintaining a hold on their thin margins. [http://www.dmreview.com/dmdirect/20060707/1057744-1.html ] The list of the biggest retailers in the world is dominated by the grocers: Wal-Mart (USA) Carrefour (France) The Home Depot (USA) METRO Group (Germany) Tesco (UK) SWOT STRENGTH: Retal is the second-largest industry both in number of employees as well as number of establishments in US. The industry generates $3.8 trillion in retail sales annual. The largest retailer in the world is Wal-Mart with more than $312 billion sales per year. Wal-Mart employees 400,000 employees all over the world, including 1.3 milion in US itself. WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY The retail market in the UK is considered to be mature so it is unlikely to see the large expansion that occurred in the 1980s. Large retailers are likely to remain the dominant players while trying to increase their market share through mergers and acquisitions. Premium operators such as John Lewis, Waitrose and Marks Spencer, with their focus on high-value, high-quality, diversified product range and customer service, will also continue their strong trading performance. New systems will enable retailers to find out how shoppers choose goods. Cameras catch the customers gaze and determine the effect of particular colours, special offers and placing, as well as how many brands are considered and for how long. THREATS : Internet shopping soared by 50% in the ten weeks leading up to Christmas 2005 and shoppers spent  £4.9billion online in the same. Consumers are expanding their horizons in terms of the products theyre willing to shop for online, with clothes, health and beauty, books and CDs being the main drivers. Safety and security is a concern for retailers and consumers. Secure browsers and sophisticated websites will alleviate these fears in the future. Internet shopping will not, however, spell the end for shops. People will continue to see shopping in stores as an enjoyable social event. FACTS FIGURES: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/ According to the national Statistics, done in June 2005 the rtail industry has employed 2.9 million people which is 1 in every 9 or 11% of the working UK population. UK retail sales were approximately  £260billion in 2005. 11% of all VAT-registered businesses in the UK are retailers, with the total number currently at 180,875. UK retail sales were  £265 billion in 2007, larger than the combined economies of Denmark and Portugal. Retail sales account for 1/5 of the UK economy. The retail sector generates almost 8% of the Gross Domestic Product of the UK. More than a third of consumer spending goes through shops. Sales over the internet account for less than 4% of total retail sales, despite strong growth in recent years. The retail industry employed over 3.0 million people as at the end of December 2007. This equates to 11% of the total UK workforce. Over the last five years, employment in retailing has grown by 50,402 CHANGING WORKPLACE CARRER PATHS CURRENT AND FUTURE WORK PATTERNS PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FIVE AREAS TO DEVELOP N SET S.M.A.R.T TARGET A personal development plan helps a student to : Improve their general skills for study and career development. Become more effective independent and confident self-directed learners. Encourage continous / lifelong learning and take self responsibility. Identify their strength and weaknesses. Area of skill behaviour you would like to develop further. Why it is important to you in relation to your ambitions. How you will work on this development. Who or what can help or support you in this respect. Numerical skills [Refer to appendix page: 14] [Refer to appendix page: 15] class teachers boli good tha . Verbal skills [Refer to appendix page: 16] Want to work as a finance/marketing manager. I need good communicational skills and good command over my vocabulary in order to communicate with my clients at workplace. The inter-personal skills mainly develops by practice, the more we communicate with people, more effect we will have in our language, so I will start giving presentations, taking part in all kinds of debate competition as well. I can only help Myself to improve over my less developed inter-personal skills. As nobody else know me better than myself. [Refer to appendix page: 14] Time management [Refer to appendix page: 17, 18] . s S S [Refer to appendix page: 19] [Refer to appendix page: 20] Team-work skils [Refer to appendix page: 6] S S S PSYCHOMETRIC TEST The types of psychometric test are: Ability test- Ability test measure a persons potential, for instance to learn the skills needed for a new jobor to cope up with the demands of a training course. Test is divded into four main sections- numerical ability, verbal ability, non-verbal ability and spatial ability. An example of ability test would be GAT- General Ability Test. Aptitude test- An aptitude test os more job specific. These test tend to be job related and have names that include jo title such as the programmers Aptitude Series (SHL). [Refer to appendix page: 16] Personality test- Some people have distunguish features from others, which maked them unique MBTI TEST [Refer appendix- page 21] EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE or EQ [220] Emotional Intelligent as defined by Thorndike, is ‘the ability to understand and relate to people. Daniel Goleman (1996) says ‘the capacity for recognising our own feeling and those of others, for motivating ourselves and for managing emotions well in ourself and in others. Now, EQ is totally different from the cognitive intelligence, i.e. IQ. IQ is a measure of an individuals personalinformation bank- ones memory, vocabulary and visual motor co-ordination. Emotional Intelligence involves: Knowing the appropiate feeling for the circumstances. Experiancing the appropiate feeling for the circumstances Expressing feeling apprpiate to the circumstances. Making opportunities to express feelings [Refer to appendix page: 22] (S. Cottrell, 2003) CV APPENDIX Curriculum Vitae KARAN SETH 30,GURNEY ROAD, STRATFORD, LONDON. E15 1SH PHONE: 07930464295 EMAIL: [emailprotected] NATIONALITY: Indian DATE OF BIRTH: 13/10/1987 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS: Year Qualifications School/College/University 2006-2008 BA (HONS) Business Management University of Wales, Lampeter 2006 Higher Secondary Examinations (10+2) Delhi Public School, Kanpur 2004 Secondary Examinations (year 10) Delhi Public School, Kanpur WORK EXPERIENCE: March 2007, Marks Spenser, London, UK Team Leader / Sales Advisor Ensures services provided by the department are always carried out to defined standard with the utmost efficiency, consistency and courtesy as detailed in the department operational manual. To handle all customer complaints and inquiries in a courteous and efficient manner, following through to make sure problems are resolved satisfactorily. To ensure that all employees in the outlet deliver the brand promise and provide exceptional guest service at all times. To assist in the inventory management and ongoing maintenance of stocks and inventory taking as required. Training of new joinees according to the standards laid down by Marks Spenser. Maintaining positive guest and colleague interaction with good working relationships. Monitoring operating supplies and reduce spoilage and wastage. Ensures the place of work surrounding area is hygienic and organized at all times. Motivating and leading a team of committed professionals to achieve 100% in customer service. Worked part-time as a Food and Beverage Assistant at Landmark, Kanpur, India, 2005 ACHIEVEMENTS Secured 1ST class in the college in BBA in the present term. Secured above 70% in aggregate all through the educational tenure. Served as the President of the Student Union in the year 2004 -2006 at Delhi Public School, India. Won many Inter-school Sports and debate competitions in India. PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES: Excellent communication skills, good Inter-personal skills and a proactive problem solver. Value teamwork, have good team building skills and can communicate effectively with all levels of employees. Customer-oriented, friendly, honest, fair and approachable. Have a positive â€Å"can do† attitude, highly motivated, innovative, passionate and seeking opportunity to be multi-skilled and trained. Established leadership skills cultivated through intensive training as a Management Trainee. Ability to adapt to changing environment and desire to work on new projects. High degree of integrity. Possess the ability to perform best under pressure. DOCUMENTS ATTACHED SHL verbal test Emotional Intelligence Numerical test MBTI- myers -brigs Reflection exercise Time management Self evaluation- current skillls Inventory profile for management skills Learning styles inventory School document Marksheet class 12 Marketsheet class 10 Reference letters- teacher and principle Assignment feedback sheets Stress diary Pay raise letter with pay slip useful links Cottrell Stella (1999). The study skills handbook. Published by : Palgrave Macmillan. in New York . US. Cottrell Stella (2003). Skills for success. Published by: Palgrave Macmillian. New York , US. http://www.ucc.vt.edu/stdyhlp.html [TIME N STUDY SKILLS] http://www.quintcareers.com/career_assessment.html [COLLECTION OF MANY TEST . GOOD ONE ] http://careerplanning.about.com/od/careertests/Free_Self_Assessment_Tools_Online.htm [OK OK] TEST LINKZ: http://www.inspiredleadership.org.uk/ [NUMERICAL N VERBAL] http://www.myskillsprofile.com/ [LEADERSHIP, EMOTIONAL INTELL, TEAM ROLES, PERSONALITY PROFILE, ] [HAVE TO PAY] http://retailindustry.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJsdn=retailindustrycdn=moneytm=1108gps=182_807_868_568f=21su=p554.2.150.ip_tt=11bt=1bts=1zu=http%3A//www.brc.org.uk/latestdata.asp%3FiCat%3D52%26sCat%3DRETAIL%2bKEY+FACTS [facts n fingures] http://www.dmreview.com/dmdirect/20060707/1057744-1.html http://retailindustry.about.com/od/abouttheretailindustry/p/retail_industry.htm http://www.shoppertrak.com/index.php http://www.ca.courses-careers.com/retail.htm http://www.prospects.ac.uk/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Explore_job_sectors/Retail/overview/p!egiLLL http://www.personalitypathways.com/dom-ni.html http://www.personalitypathways.com/ http://www.ucc.vt.edu/stdyhlp.html [IMAGE FROM LINK] management model ‘Fayols 14 principles;

Politics, Payoffs, and Illegal Immigration Essay -- Essays Papers

Politics, Payoffs, and Illegal Immigration According to the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, from 1993 to 1995 the United States has experienced the largest two year decline in immigration since the years 1930-1932. In 1995 there were 720,461 legal immigrants admitted to our country; some people would make the argument that this is far too many immigrants ( U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service). It is impossible to clearly define the term "anti-immigration" because it is not a thing, it is a thought, a philosophy, a movement that appears in the abstract. In order to gain a better understanding of anti- immigration, I turned to the Internet. The medium of the Internet provides an accessible forum for the "world community" to express themselves outside the context of any controlling influences. However, deriving a definition of the term anti-immigration by the standards and understanding derived from the Internet becomes very confusing. There are those sites that advocate curtailing of all immigration both le gal and illegal; there are those that simply address the illegal immigration issue, and then there are those that address illegal immigration while at the same time arguing that legal immigration should be cut back--not stopped altogether. Interestingly enough, sites created on the west coast lean heavier on their argument against illegal immigration; the opinions expressed in these sites have an emotional basis. Sites that come from the east coast are more factual, and tend to deal with the immigration policy in its entirety, both legal and illegal. The purpose of this paper is to examine the anti-immigration information as it is presented on the Internet from a logical perspective. Lack of assimilation, dr... ...he links contained in this site are all related to the illegal immigration issue in California, and are peppered with such terminology as: "conflict," "infestation," "hatred," "race war," and "invasion." The site also makes mention of The Federation for Immigration Reform (FAIR) that was discussed earlier in this review, simply stating that FAIR has 70,000 members. There is no constructive information presented in this site, and like "The Daily Bruin," this site serves only to divide and instigate problems, rather than to propose any logical solutions to the perceived problem of immigration. "U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service : Immigration to the United States in Fiscal Year 1995" (http://www.usdoj.gov/ins/public/stats/115.html) "Immigration law sets double standards for criminals" (Mitchell, Abra 1995) (http://pm.znet.com:80/leland/dec1995/in4-dec.htm)

The reason why roman republic collapsed

The reason why roman republic collapsed Roman republic began with the over throw of the roman monarchy and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elect annually by the citizens and advised by senate. During the first two centuries of its existence the Roman republic expanded rapidly through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. Then republic continues to conquest new land such as North Africa, Greece, Southern France and Spain. For about 500 years, the Roman republic exists and has many significant achievements in many fields.However, the republic finally collapsed and reformed as participate. Octavian becomes the first Augustus which was the first Roman emperor. There are some reasons why republic collapsed and reformed to empire. In this project, I'm going to discuss what reason leads to the collapse of republic from the internal view and external point of view. The problem within the government system is one int ernal weakness of roman republic. The government od Roman republic had three major supports, which offset and balanced on another. (textbook 91) The supreme civil and ilitary offices were two men called consuls.In later the Romans appointed a man as dictator, whose authority surpassed that of the consuls, but dictator cannot hold their office more six months. The second part was an advisory body of elder stateman, the senate. The last part of government system were assemblies that included all adult male citizens. In their government system, province is one of causes that Roman republic collapsed. Roman republic is a history of conquest. As Roman republic expanding, they conquer and captured a lot of new land. Now they need to manage hose lands.Province is the method they manage the lands. Province means to denote the various regions that they acquired through conquest in Latin word. The senate choose the governors for the various provinces and often give then the title proconsul(in place of consul). These governors had absolute power to rule their provinces. The only thing they can't do is violate Roman law or act illegally against Roman citizen. (textbook 102) This is a good way to manage the lands that they conquered. From roman view, the advantage of the system was its efficiency:Rebellions were not common, and troops stationed in the provinces could maintain control without resorting massacres. However, as Roman republic conquered more land, they have so many provinces that need to govern. Some provincial governors ruled fairly, but others were notorious for their corruption. In addition, Roman republic combined Macedonia and Greece in to a province. But the domination came at a price. Without the need for unity against outside enemies, roman society began to lose its cohesiveness. (Textbook 100)This in turn led to the decline of the republic.Another weakness that led Roman republic collapses also come from conquest. There is the social change that happen ed in Italy. The cause is the war that call Hannibal's legacy. For the ravages of years of fighting up and down, Italy had brought many farmers to the point of ruin. There had been a great increase in the slave population on Italian soil from prisoners of war, and these slaves depressed the wages paid to private works. (Textbook 102) Wealthy citizens had enriched themselves with booty land or willing to sell it to these newly wealthy men.They have no choice to Join the ranks of permanently unemployed. Those people who still have some money to buy their armor could be drafted into the army. For those who could no longer find work lost the spirit of cohesion and loyalty to their society. They become prey to demagogues and many become supporters of that warlord. This cause a unstable in Roman republic society. The gap between upper classes and lower class has significant increased. One other weakness is the power of warlords. In Roman republic, generals have strong power. They have arm y and these army more like a rivate army.These army usually fght enemies far away from Rome. They all support their general. Some powerful generals can even use army to seize political power. (Textbook 104) The one first general to do so was Gaius Marius. Marius gained much reputation by winning a war and defeated an invasion by some Germanic tribes. Marius abolished the old requirement that a soldier had to own at least a modest amount of property, and he also accepted volunteers instead of Just drafting men for service Finally he converted the army in to an instrument for ambitious commanders uring the remaining years of the republic.For Sulla the dictator, he is and later general. He invaded the city of Rome with his supports. Sulla did have some political program to re shape the Roman republic. He enforce the dictator ship and reduce the power of senate. He forced a law that blocked tribune from holding any other office, they also had to wait ten years to be reelected. These dis courage those ambitious politicians from seeking this office. (Textbook 104)And even for the later Caesar, he did a series of rapid reforms in many areas of Roman life.He reduce the power of Senate by raising the membership of the Senate to about nine hundred, picking it with many of his veteran offices. He even make dictator for his whole life. However, he showed too little respect for the Senate and republican from once he become dictator, and for this he paid with his life. Many people think about the death of Caesar ends Roman republic. However, the collapse of Roman Republic is the accumulation the weakness. Whether Caesar dead or not, what he done rose to the absolute summit of roman politics and destroy Roman republic.

Definition and Examples of Absolute Phrases in English

Definition and Examples of Absolute Phrases in English An absolute phrase is a group of words that modifies an independent clause as a whole. Its etymology is from the Latin, free, loosen, unrestricted. An absolute is made up of a noun and its modifiers (which frequently, but not always, include a participle or participial phrase). An absolute may precede, follow, or interrupt the main clause: Their slender bodies sleek and black against the orange sky, the storks circled high above us.The storks circled high above us, their slender bodies sleek and black against the orange sky.The storks, their slender bodies sleek and black against the orange sky, circled high above us. An absolute allows us to move from a description of a whole person, place, or thing to one aspect or part. Note that in traditional grammar, absolutes (or nominative absolutes) are often more narrowly defined as noun phrases...combined with participles. The term absolute (borrowed from Latin grammar) is rarely used by contemporary linguists. Examples and Observations The absolute phrase that adds a focusing detail is especially common in fiction writing, much more common than in expository writing... In the following passages, all from works of fiction, some have a participle as the post-noun modifier...; however, youll also see some with noun phrases, others with prepositional phrases. There was no bus in sight and Julian, his hands still jammed in his pockets and his head thrust forward, scowled down the empty street. (Flannery OConnor, Everything That Rises Must Converge)Silently they ambled down Tenth Street until they reached a stone bench that jutted from the sidewalk near the curb. They stopped there and sat down, their backs to the eyes of the two men in white smocks who were watching them. (Toni Morrison, Song of Solomon)The man stood laughing, his weapons at his hips. (Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky)To his right the valley continued in its sleepy beauty, mute and understated, its wildest autumn colors blunted by the distance, placid as water color by an artist who mixed all his colors with brown. (Joyce Carol Oates, The Secret Marriage) A second style of absolute phrase, rather than focusing on a detail, explains a cause or condition: Our car having developed engine trouble, we stopped for the night at a roadside rest area. We decided to have our picnic, the weather being warm and clear. The first example could be rewritten as a because- or when- clause: When our car developed engine trouble, we stopped... or Because our car developed engine trouble, we stopped... The absolute allows the writer to include the information without the explicitness of the complete clause; the absolute, then, can be thought of as containing both meanings, both when and because. The absolute about the weather in the second example suggests an attendant condition rather than a cause. (Martha Kolln, Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects, 5th ed. Pearson, 2007) Nominative Absolutes Nominative absolutes are related to nonfinite verb phrases... They consist of a subject noun phrase followed by some part of the predicate: either a participle form of the main verb or a complement or modifier of the main verb. . . . [C]omplements and modifiers may take almost any form...Absolutes have traditionally been called nominative because the absolute construction begins with a noun phrase as its headword. Nevertheless, they function adverbially as sentence modifiers. Some [absolutes] explain reasons or conditions for the action described in the main clause; others... describe the manner in which the action of the main clause is performed. (Thomas P. Klammer, Muriel R. Schulz, and Angela Della Volpe, Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Longman, 2007) More Examples of Absolute Phrases Roy circles the bases like a Mississippi steamboat, lights lit, flags fluttering, whistle banging, coming round the bend. (Bernard Malamud, The Natural, 1952)Harry froze, his cut finger slipping on the jagged edge of the mirror again. (J.K. Rowling,  Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Scholastic, 2007)Bolenciecwcz was staring at the floor now, trying to think, his great brow furrowed, his huge hands rubbing together, his face red. (James Thurber, University Days)The spider skins lie on their sides, translucent and ragged, their legs drying in knots. (Annie Dillard, Holy the Firm, 1977)His bare legs cooled by sprinklers, his bare feet on the feathery and succulent grass, and his mobile phone in his hand (he was awaiting Lionels summons), Des took a turn round the grounds. (Martin Amis, Lionel Asbo: State of England. Alfred A. Knopf, 2012)When Johnson Meechum came up the three steps of his purple double-wide trailer and opened the front door, his wife, Mabel, was waiting for him, her thin hands clenched on her hips, her tinted hair standing from her scalp in a tiny blue cloud. (Harry Crews, Celebration. Simon Schuster, 1998) Six boys came over the hill half an hour early that afternoon, running hard, their heads down, their forearms working, their breath whistling. (John Steinbeck, The Red Pony)Whenever you heard distant music somewhere in the town, maybe so faint you thought you imagined it, so thin you blamed the whistling of the streetcar wires, then you could track the sound down and find Caleb straddling his little velocipede, speechless with joy, his appleseed eyes dancing. (Anne Tyler, Searching for Caleb. Alfred A. Knopf, 1975)Still he came on,  shoulders hunched, face twisted, wringing his hands, looking more like an old woman at a wake than an infantry combat soldier. (James Jones,  The Thin Red Line, 1962)A tall man, his shotgun slung behind his back with a length of plow line, dismounted and dropped his reins and crossed the little way to the cedar bolt. (Howard Bahr, The Year of Jubilo: A Novel of the Civil War. Picador, 2001)The men sit on the edge of the pens, the big white and silver fish between their knees, ripping with knives and tearing with hands, heaving the disemboweled bodies into a central basket. (William G. Wing, Christmas Comes First on the Banks) Hundreds and hundreds of frogs were sitting down that pipe, and they were all honking, all of them, not in unison but constantly, their little throats going, their mouths open, their eyes staring up with curiosity at Karel and Frances and their large human shadows. (Margaret Drabble, The Realms of Gold, 1975)The accused man, Kabuo Miyamoto, sat proudly upright with a rigid grace, his palms placed softly on the defendants table - the posture of a man who has detached himself insofar as this is possible at his own trial. (David Guterson, Snow Falling on Cedars, 1994)The superintendent, his head on his chest, was slowly poking the ground with his stick. (George Orwell, A Hanging, 1931)You can get a fair sense of the perils of an elevator shaft by watching an elevator rush up and down one, its counterweight flying by, like the blade on a guillotine. (Nick Paumgarten, Up and Then Down. The New Yorker, April 21, 2008)Two middle-aged men with jogging disease lumber past me, their faces pur ple, their bellies slopping, their running shoes huge and costly. (Joe Bennett, Mustnt Grumble. Simon Schuster, 2006) At a right angle to the school was the back of the church, its bricks painted the color of dried blood. (Pete Hamill, A Drinking Life, 1994)Ross sat on the edge of a chair several feet away from the table, leaning forward, the fingers of his left hand spread upon his chest, his right hand holding a white knitting needle which he used for a pointer. (James Thurber, The Years With Ross, 1958)One by one, down the hill come the mothers of the neighborhood, their kids running beside them. (Roger Rosenblatt, Making Toast. The New Yorker, December 15, 2008)I could see, even in the mist, Spurn Head stretching out ahead of me in the gloom, its spine covered in marram grass and furze, its shingle flanks speared with the rotting spars of failed breakwaters. (Will Self, A Real Cliff Hanger. The Independent, August. 30, 2008)Down the long concourse they came unsteadily, Enid favouring her damaged hip, Alfred paddling at the air with loose-hinged hands and slapping the airport carpeting with poorl y controlled feet, both of them carrying Nordic Pleasurelines shoulder bags and concentrating on the floor in front of them, measuring out the hazardous distance three paces at a time. (Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections. Farrar Straus Giroux, 2001) Source Macmillan Teach Yourself Grammar and Style in Twenty Four Hours, 2000.

The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model

The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model Introduction One of the most epic accomplishments of the 21st century was the invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of computer networks. The interconnection capability of computer systems is arguably the feature that makes them most versatile and invaluable to their users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With this realization, many manufacturers in the early days of computing set out to develop devices that could be used in internetworking. At the onset, various manufacturers designed network architectures that were specific to their devices leading to a lack of interoperability between devices by different manufacturers (Wetteroth 4). This was very inefficient and as such, there arose a need to come up with a common standard which would guarantee the seamless interconnection of various heterogeneous architec tures. The International Standards Organization (ISO) was therefore formed as a body charged with developing and publishing international standards. This body came up with the Open Systems Interconnection referencing model (OSI). This paper shall set out to explain the components of the OSI reference model as well as the need for adopting the standard. Importance of the Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model The OSI reference model was produced in 1974 by the ISO encourages the creation of network equipment that is non-proprietary in nature by the various vendors in the field (Wetteroth 4). This model consists of seven layers with a description of the services that each layer must provide to the layer above it. An important point to note is that the OSI model is not a specific network architecture but rather a description of what each layer must do. As such, manufacturers are required to use this as a guideline when coming up with their own specific network architecture. Any device that conforms to the OSI standard is guaranteed to be able to communicate with another device that meets the same standards and functionality of devices is also Operating System independent. This results in great interoperability of the various network devices. In coming up with the various layers of the OSI, various principles were considered. Most notably, it was seen as necessary for each layer to have well defined functions; these functions had to be chosen in a standardized manner and the boundary between them was such as to minimize data flow through the interfaces. As a result of this, the model allows for the investigation of various network errors which would otherwise be very hard to find without the existence of layering as outlined in OSI. The seven layers of the OSI model Figure 1. The Open Systems Interconnection reference modelAdvertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e Source: The Manual Page The different layers of the OSI model. 2009. Layer 7: The Application Layer This layer is the interface between the user and the network. The application layer controls how the operating system and its applications interact with the network (Hallberg 32). The functions of this layer include providing application programs with access to the network, control of data flowing through and the recovery from any error that might occur. At the application layer, the data been sent is encapsulated with an application header and the application data which constitutes the data being sent through the network. The protocols that exist at this layer include Telnet, FTP, SMTP and HTTP. The data transmission process begins with this level receiving data from the user application. Layer 6: The Presentation Layer This layer provides certain functionality which result in readability of data for the application layer. This is done through a number of coding and conve rsion functions which result in information that can be read across systems. The layer â€Å"transforms the data from the session layer to provide a standard interface for the application layer and from the application layer to a network format† (Lowe 397). The presentation layer in essence takes the data from the lower levels and puts them into a format that an be understood by the system. Hallberg reveals that some of the functions that take place at the layer include: compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption (31). In addition to this, this is the layer responsible for setting standards for different systems.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Layer 5: The Session Layer This layer controls the various sessions between communicating devices by establishing, maintaining, and when communicat ion is over, terminating the connection between the communicating devices. This layer performs negotiations between the communicating devices on issues such as flow control and user identification and authentication on the network (Hallberg 30). The Session layer also delegates who is to send or receive data at a given time and goes on to stipulate as to how long this will take place. The session layer allows for graceful closure and provides synchronization services. Layer 4: The Transport Layer The transport layer provides data transfer between communicating users by managing flow of information from one node to the other. This transfer is transparent in nature thereby the higher level layers need not concern themselves with the specifics. This layer also manages the flow of data and divides the streams of data into packets which are reassembled at the other end. At this layer, data is segmented and a TCP header placed at the end of each segment. This header includes control infor mation such as start and end flags so as to enable the recipient to establish the size of the message (Lowe 397). Sequence information is also provided so that even if data is transmitted non-sequentially, it can be reassembled back to the original form in the right order. This layer ensures that the all the data packets sent are received and that they are decoded in the proper sequence. The two major protocols which function at this layer are TCP and UDP. Layer 3: The Network Layer This layer provides the functional means of transferring data sequences of varied lengths from source to destination (Lowe 397). The packets of data obtained from the session layer are segmented into frames and their logical addressing is done. This layer covers the issue of addressing and routing. At the network level, an IP header is added. This makes the segments packets. The header information at this layer includes the IP address of the source and the destination. This is necessary for the logical-p hysical address mapping routers use this information to forward data to the required destination. This is done by translation of the IP address and MAC addresses. The network layer relies on the routing information provided to send individual packets to the correct destination and to notify the recipient of the source from which the packet originated. Layer 2: The data-link layer This layer turns the frames provided by the network layer into raw bits of zeros (0) and ones (1) in readiness for transmission at the physical layer and reconstitutes them to frames at the other end.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The data link layer encapsulates a header which contains LLC information identifying network layer protocols, Frame check sequence for error checking and the MAC address of the source and the destination. As such, at the data link layer a frame contains a header which has the IP address, MAC address and various control information (Lowe 398). This information is necessary for hubs and switches to enable them tell where to forward information. The Data Link Layer ensures that there is an error-free communication between the two communicating nodes and as such, if any error is detected, the layer requests for a retransmission of data from the transmitting node. The error detection mechanism method employed by this layer is the Frame Check Sequence. Layer 1: The physical layer The physical layer is responsible for the â€Å"transmission of the streams of bits through a physical media† (Wetteroth 3). This may be through a sequence of electrical impulses or through light variation s. Wetteroth states that the Physical Layer specifies the attributes of the physical medium that will be used for network communication (3). As such, definition of how the physical cable is attached to the Network interface Card is provided at this layer. In addition to this, the layer is also responsible for monitoring data error rates. Hubs, repeaters, network adapters perform on this level. Memorizing the Seven Layers To enable me memorize the seven layers, I have come up with a simple mnemonic which is fairly easy for me to remember: â€Å"Please Do Not Take Salty Pork Always† The first letter to every word in my formulae represents a level in the OSI reference model starting from Layer 1 all the way to Layer 7. Conclusion This paper set out to perform a concise yet informative research on the OSI (Open System Interconnect) standard model that was created by the International Standards Organization. The paper began by reaffirming the need for standardization in the comput er network industry. From the discussions provided, it has been seen that without standardization, the industry would have been full of devices that cannot interoperate which would greatly limit the choice for consumers since they would be forced to buy all devices from one vendor so as to avoid running the risk of devices not working together. From this paper, it is also clear that the OSI reference model plays a crucial role in ensuring interoperability among various networking devices. Hallberg, Bruce. Networking, A Beginners Guide, Fifth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. Print. Lowe, Doug. Networking For Dummies. For Dummies, 2007. Print. The Manual Page. The different layers of the OSI model. 2009. Web. Wetteroth, Debbra. OSI Reference Model for Telecommunications. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2001. Print.

SERVICE ENCOUNTERS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SERVICE ENCOUNTERS - Essay Example Attendant: No, it’s okay. Customer: But honestly you look so great! Have a great day ahead! The first line â€Å"I received the exact amount, Sir. Here’s your change† is an uptake because it leads the customer to express the following statement in the second line, â€Å"Thank you! You look so great today†. This line leads the other person to engage in another statement in the conversation, which is found in the third line, â€Å"Thanks, but honestly I’m not feeling well†. This statement leads to another reaction of the other party as stated in the fourth line, â€Å"You look fine and I think you don’t have a fever either†. This statement leads the other party to throw another line, â€Å"Yes, but it’s something personal†. This line leads the customer to say, â€Å"O! I’m sorry to remind you of that†. The attendant responded in the next line, â€Å"No, it’s okay†. Then finally, the custom er closed the conversation with this line, â€Å"But honestly you look so great! Have a great day ahead!†. Clearly, there were effective lines that can be considered as uptakes because the two persons were able to involve themselves in the conversation way beyond the actual point they are supposed to perform in the scenario. Drug Store A young man, a Christian and in his late 20s after purchasing everything from a drug store started to initiate a conversation with the sales attendant who looks somewhere in her late 30s. This happened when there were only two customers left as the rest were just served and then they moved away. Customer: I haven’t seen you for a while. Did you take your vacation leave? Attendant: Yes. I just wanted to spend time with my kids. Customer: Wow. That’s great. How are they doing? Attendant: As usual, not doing great with their grades at school. They’re too preoccupied with computer games. Customer: O! I’m offering to you again my time. But this time I’ll employ some biblical principles when I’ll talk to them. Attendant: That’s a good offer, but I’ll see it first what else I can do. Customer: Just please inform me if you need some help. Attendant: Yes, I will. Thank you! The customer started in the first line, which is an uptake because it leads the attendant to respond to this statement, â€Å"I haven’t seen you for a while. Did you take your vacation leave?† This is a question statement that requires answer and so the attendant responded in this line, â€Å"Yes. I just wanted to spend time with my kids†. This statement is of interest to the customer, as depicted through this line as a response, â€Å"Wow. That’s great. How are they doing?† Here is another question that requires answer from the attendant as showcased in this line, â€Å"As usual, not doing great with their grades at school. They’re too preoccupied with computer g ames.† In this response, we can depict that there must be an existing conversation like this that had taken place before as observed from the response of the customer, â€Å"O! I’m offering to you again my time. But this time I’ll employ some biblical principles when I’ll talk to them†. This is another offer, as we can observe from the response of the attendant, â€Å"That’s a good offer, but I’ll see it first what else I can do.† In this response, the customer did not want to make a closure, and so leaving this line â€Å"Just please inform me if you need some help.† The attendant responded and ended the conversation with this line, â€Å"

A review and comparison of legislative,regulatory and institutional Essay

A review and comparison of legislative,regulatory and institutional reform in the US and UK - Essay Example The regulation of financial markets and its implications have been a topic of considerable interest among researchers and policy makers for a long time.On the one hand, it is argued that the regulation of financial markets has welfare benefits due to the existence of market imperfections On the other hand, it is argued that financial market regulation imposes significant costs to an economy that outweighs the benefits (Benston, 1998).It has been argued that the inappropriate regulatory measures combined with many other factors have resulted in the recent economic crisis. Given this, essay examines the regulatory, institutional and legislative reforms in US and UK in the pre crisis, crisis and post crisis periods. The main aim is to compare the reforms in these periods and their impact on the capital markets in US and UK. This essay is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the theoretical arguments regarding regulation, section 3 discusses the reforms in pre crisis period, section 4 discusses the reforms in the crisis period, section 5 discusses the reforms in the post crisis period and section 6 concludes the essay. 2. Theoretical Arguments Financial market regulation is mainly aimed at correcting market imperfection and ensuring allocative efficiency of resources (Giorgio et al, 2000). Based on these the three main reasons for financial market regulation are identified as (i) ensuring microeconomic and macroeconomic stability (ii) equitable resource distribution and (iii) allocative efficiency of resources. 2.1. ... ations on integrity requirements etc and other regulations like portfolio investment limits, regulations on off balance activities etc(Giorgio et al, 2000). 2.2.Equitable Resource Distribution Based on the objective of equitable resource distribution, the financial market regulation is aimed at making the markets and intermediaries transparent and to protect the investors (Giorgio et al, 2000). In this regard, the measures include takeovers and public offers regulations, regulations of insider trading, manipulation, price discovery mechanisms, which are aimed at equal treatment, and business conduct rules aimed at non-discrimination etc. 2.3. Allocative Efficiency of Resources Based on this objective, the financial market regulation is aimed at enhancing competition among the financial intermediaries through regulating the competitive structure of the markets as well as regulations of concentrations etc (Giorgio et al, 2000). This view supports competition by arguing that competition helps banks to earn great market share and high efficiency(Demsetz,1973 ). Based on this view, competition and concentration are not in opposite directions. Rather, competition promotes concentration and hence bank efficiency. However, this theory assumes that there are no efficient barriers to entry. According to this view competition increases concentration only if the banks, which have high market share have a special advantage in developing output which are not available to other banks. In such a case, it leads to increased efficiency of the banks, which have this advantage (Demsetz,1973 ). Here, the profits will not be reduced by competition since it will be very difficult for other banks to overcome the superior performance using their inputs. This is because, in this case, it is not